Digitally controlled dynamic lens

ABSTRACT

A digitally controlled lens system is disclosed. In some embodiments, the lens system includes a controller and an electro-optic lens electrically connected to the controller. The electro-optic lens includes a first substantially transparent substrate; a first electrode layer disposed on the first substantially transparent substrate, the first electrode layer including a plurality of electrodes; a second substantially transparent substrate; a second electrode layer disposed on the second substantially transparent substrate; and a liquid crystal layer located between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer. The controller is configured to generate a refractive index pattern of liquid crystal layer by controlling voltage applied on the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/202,036, filed Nov. 27, 2018, the content of which is incorporatedherein in its entirety by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to digitally controlled dynamiclenses, and more particularly, to a liquid crystal lens with a focusingcapability that can be dynamically changed by controlling an electricfield applied to the lens.

BACKGROUND

Lenses are used for bending the direction of a light beam. Conventionallenses have fixed shapes. They are made by radially shaping materialslike glass and plastics that exhibit a constant refractive index.Diffraction-limited performance can be achieved using precise shapingand polishing, but is often not achievable within the economic designconstraints placed on the optical systems of many consumer products.Typically, such systems have undesirable optical distortions oraberrations that are corrected using more than one lens group, commonlyhaving spherical elements. The system can be simplified by replacingseveral spherical lenses with a high-quality aspheric lens with aparabolic profile, but that generally adds cost to the system. Inaddition, a conventional lens has one fixed focal length. To vary thefocal length of an imaging system, an array of lenses is typically usedand the focal length is changed by mechanically moving components thatadjust the distance between lenses. This approach inevitably makes thesystem bulky and inefficient, and unsuited to some applications.

For example, zoom lens assembly employed in conventional cameras employsmultiple lenses which must be mechanically moved relative to one anotherto obtain variation and magnification and for focusing. Typically asmall electric motor is used to drive the lenses. It would be desirableto incorporate zoom lenses on small portable cameras, such as the typeused with cellular phones, but the physical limitations of the smalldevices make the provision of a conventional zoom lens impossible.

The disclosed apparatus and methods address one or more of the problemslisted above.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The disclosed embodiments are directed to a digitally controlled liquidcrystal lens.

In some embodiments, a digitally controlled lens system is disclosed.The lens system includes a controller and an electro-optic lenselectrically connected to the controller. The electro-optic lensincludes a first substantially transparent substrate; a first electrodelayer disposed on the first substantially transparent substrate; thefirst electrode layer comprising a plurality of electrodes; a secondsubstantially transparent substrate; a second electrode layer disposedon the second substantially transparent substrate; and a liquid crystallayer located between the first electrode layer and the second electrodelayer. The controller is configured to generate a refractive indexpattern of liquid crystal layer by controlling voltage applied on thefirst electrode layer and the second electrode layer.

It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description andthe following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory onlyand are not restrictive of the disclosed embodiments, as claimed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF TUE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate exemplary disclosed embodimentsand, together with the description, serve to explain the disclosedembodiments. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of aportion of a liquid crystal lens, consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a schematic plan-view diagram illustrating a refractive indexpattern of the liquid crystal lens shown in FIG. 1 , consistent withdisclosed embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a schematic plan-view diagram illustrating a substrate and anelectrode layer shown in FIG. 1 , consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a system for controlling anelectric field in the lens shown in FIG. 1 , consistent with disclosedembodiments.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a controller shown in FIG. 4 , consistentwith disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a process for generating adynamic hologram using the lens shown in FIG. 1 , consistent withdisclosed embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made to exemplary embodiments, examples of whichare illustrated in the accompanying drawings and disclosed herein.Wherever convenient, the same reference numbers will be used throughoutthe drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

As discussed above, conventional dynamic lenses are mechano-opticallenses that have limited beam-steering range and are bulky in volume. Toaddress these problems, the present disclosure provides anelectro-optical liquid crystal lens which is “tunable,” that is, whichcan change its focal length upon application of a control voltage, aswell as small size and weight and low power consumption, fast speed,etc.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a cross-sectional view of aportion of a liquid crystal lens 100, according to the disclosedembodiments Referring to FIG. 1 , lens 100 includes a pair of substrates110, 112. In one embodiment, substrates 110 and 112 are planar anddisposed parallel to each other, and are maintained at a desireddistance by spacers (not shown). The spacing distance can vary, forexample, from about 5 to about 100 microns. An electrode layer 120 isdisposed on upper substrate 110 and an electrode layer 122 is disposedon lower substrate 112. Electrode layer 120 may include multipleindividual electrodes that are physically separate from each other.Moreover, liquid crystal alignment layers 130 and 132 may be disposed onelectrode layers 120 and 122, respectively. A liquid crystal layer 140is disposed between substrates 110, 112 and in contact with alignmentlayers 130, 132. As utilized herein, the term “layer” does not require auniform thickness, and imperfections or uneven thicknesses can bepresent so long as the layer performs its intended purpose.

In the disclosed embodiments, substrates 110, 112 may provide desiredoptical transmission and preferably are transparent, such that lens 100can allow light to pass through. Substrates 110, 112 can be planar orcurved. They can be made from various materials known in the art, suchas glass, quartz, or a polymer. Substrates 110, 112 may be made fromnon-birefringent material, or may be aligned or compensated to minimizethe effect of their birefringence.

Electrode layers 120, 122 are made of conductive material and can bedeposited on substrate layers 110, 112 by any known method. In someembodiments, the multiple electrodes in electrode layer 120 may beformed utilizing a photo-lithographic process. The electrode layermaterial can be any inorganic, substantially transparent conductivematerial. Examples of suitable materials include metal oxides such asindium oxide, tin oxide, and indium tin oxide (ITO). In someembodiments, the thickness of the conductive electrode layer may vary,for example, from about 100 to about 2,000 angstroms. Electrode layers120, 122 may be sufficiently thick to provide desired conductivity.

Consistent with the disclosed embodiments, alignment layers 130, 132 areused to induce a particular directional orientation in the liquidcrystal when no voltage is applied to the lens 100. Various materialsare suitable for use as alignment layers 130, 132, including, but notlimited to, polyimide and polyvinyl alcohol. The thickness of alignment,layer 50 should be sufficient to impart the desired directionalorientation to the liquid crystal material, such as about 100 to about1,000 angstroms Alignment layer 50 is treated by rubbing, in someembodiments, to impart a substantially homogenous molecular orientationto the liquid crystal material prior to an electric field being appliedto the material.

Consistent with the disclosed embodiments, any liquid crystal materialthat has an orientational order that can be controlled in the presenceof an electric field can be utilized for lens 100, including anynematic, smectic, or cholesteric phase-forming liquid crystals, orpolymer-containing liquid crystals such as polymer liquid crystals,polymer dispersed liquid crystals, or polymer stabilized liquidcrystals. Desirable characteristics possessed by suitable liquid crystalmaterials include the ability to align the liquid crystal without muchdifficulty, rapid switching time, and a low voltage threshold.

Consistent with the disclosed embodiments, when an electric field isapplied to liquid crystal layer 140, dipole moments are induced in theliquid crystal molecules. In particular, with larger induced dipolemoment along the liquid crystal's director axis (long molecular axis ofall molecules averaged), the director will tend to reorient along theelectric field direction. The equilibrium orientation of the directordepends on the magnitude of the applied electric field and the competingeffect of the alignment layers applied to the surfaces of liquid crystallayer 140.

As described above, as shown in FIG. 1 , electrode layer 120 may includemultiple electrodes. The magnitude and timing of voltages applied on themultiple electrodes can be finely controlled to generate a desiredelectric field in liquid crystal layer 140, so as to control the liquidcrystal orientation. Consistent with the disclosed embodiments, thenumber and sizes of electrodes in electrode layer 120 and the spacesbetween the electrodes may be designed to optimize the light phaseretardation by different aperture size. By controlling the drivingvoltages for each of these electrodes, the light phase retardation overliquid crystal layer 140 may be optimized for a particular focal length.

Consistent with the disclosed embodiments, if the index of refraction isspatially varied by having electrodes with different voltages applied,the light passing through different electrode areas will have differentpropagating speeds. As a result, with the proper voltage profile, thewavefront of the light will start to tilt, which makes the light bendafter passing through liquid crystal layer 140.

FIG. 2 is a schematic plan-view diagram illustrating a refractive indexpattern generated in liquid crystal layer 140 by controlling thevoltages applied on the electrodes in electrode layer 120, according toan exemplary embodiment. As shown in FIG. 2 , by controlling thevoltages on the electrodes in electrode layer 120, a patterned electricfield can be generated to orient the liquid crystal molecules in layer140 differently, so as to form a refractive index profile that consistsof alternating opaque (shown as black zones in FIG. 2 ) and transparentzones (shown as white zones in FIG. 2 ). This way, lens 100 can functionas a Fresnel lens capable of focusing light. Moreover, by adjusting thestrength and distraction of the electric field, the magnitudes of therefractive indices in the opaque and transparent zones can be adjusted,and the sizes of the opaque and transparent zones can be changed aswell. This way, the focal length of the resulted Fresnel lens can befine-tuned.

As discussed above, the desired refractive index profile in liquidcrystal layer 140 can be achieved by controlling the timing andmagnitude of the voltages applied on the multiple electrodes inelectrode layer 120. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments,the desired refractive index profile may also be achieved by arrangingthe electrodes in electrode layer 120 to form a specific pattern orspatial distribution. FIG. 3 is a schematic plan-view diagramillustrating the substrate 110 and electrode layer 120 shown in FIG. 1 ,according to an exemplary embodiment Referring to FIG. 3 , electrodelayer 120 is patterned and includes a plurality of individual electrodessuch as in the shape of ring electrodes 124, surrounding a central diskelectrode 125. Adjacent ring electrodes 124, and disk electrode 125 areelectrically separated from each other by electrically insulating gaps126.

Still referring to FIG. 3 , insulating gaps 126 are open spaces locatedbetween adjacent electrodes 124, 125 or can be formed of anon-conducting insulating material such as silicon dioxide. Ringelectrodes 124 may be substantially annular and concentric, althoughthey may not all be formed as a perfect geometric shape due to thematerial and processing techniques utilized. Nevertheless the term“ring” as utilized herein encompasses structures that are ring-like,e.g., elliptical rings. Likewise, disk 125 may be substantiallycircular, but may also be an elliptical shape. The number of ringelectrodes 124 constituting electrode layer 120 can vary. For example,the number of ring electrodes 124 may range from about 10 to about 1000.

Still referring to FIG. 3 , with the ring-structured electrodes, lens100 can function as a Fresnel lens that can bend light beams, but isless bulky than the traditional spherical lens. In an exemplaryembodiment, a liquid crystal layer having a thickness of about 25 μm maygive an optical power of about 0.5 diopters for a lens diameter ofapproximately 1 cm. More optical power can be achieved by increasing theliquid crystal layer thickness, but eventually non-linearity in thefields will degrade the optical performance; the switching relaxationtime between the various powers will also increase with liquid crystalthickness. Additional optical power can also be achieved by stackingmultiple electro-optic devices 100.

Although FIG. 3 shows electrode layer 120 having a ring structure, thepresent disclosure does not limit the pattern or structure formed byelectrode layer 120. For example, in some embodiments, electrode layer120 may have a comb-like structure.

Consistent with the disclosed embodiments, to generate the electricfield in liquid crystal layer 140, an appropriate voltage is applied tolens 100, namely electrode layer 120. Electrode layer 122 serves as aground. The voltage is applied to lens 100 based on a number of factors,including, but not limited to, the liquid crystal material utilized andthe thickness of the liquid crystal material between electrodes. Variousmethods are known in the art for controlling the voltage applied to theelectrode, for example, a circuit, a processor or microprocessor. Thecontrolling process may be implemented as software processes that arespecified as one or more sets of instructions recorded on anon-transitory storage medium. When these instructions are executed byone or more computational element(s) (e.g., microprocessors,microcontrollers, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specificintegrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs),etc.) the instructions cause the computational element(s) to performactions specified in the instructions.

In some embodiments, electrode layer 122 may also be divided to formmultiple discrete electrodes, to increase the optical power of lens 100.Similar to electrode layer 120, the multiple electrodes in electrodelayer 122 may be unpatterned or patterned.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a system for controlling theelectric field in lens 100, according to the disclosed embodiments.Referring to FIG. 4 , electrode layers 120, 122 of lens 100 areconnected to a controller 200, which is configured to control thevoltages applied on electrode layers 120, 122.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of controller 200, according to the disclosedembodiments. Referring to FIG. 5 , controller 200 may include aprocessing component 210, a memory 220, and a power component 230.

Processing component 210 may control overall operations of thecontroller 200. For example, processing component 210 may include one ormore processors that execute instructions to control the timing andmagnitude of the voltage applied on electrode layers 120, 122, so as toform the desired electric field in Lens 100. Moreover, processingcomponent 210 may include one or more modules which facilitate theinteraction between the processing component 210 and other components.For instance, processing component 210 may include an input/outputmodule to facilitate the interaction between processing component 210and power component 230. Power component 230 is configured to providethe voltage to be applied on electrode layers 120, 122.

Memory 220 is configured to store various types of data and/orinstructions to support the operation of controller 200. Memory 220 mayinclude a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium includinginstructions for applications or methods operated on controller 200,executable by the one or more processors of controller 200. For example,the non-transitory computer-readable storage medium may be a read-onlymemory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a CD-ROM, a magnetic tape, amemory chip (or integrated circuit), a hard disc, a floppy disc, anoptical data storage device, or the like.

In the disclosed embodiments, controller 200 may be configured tocontrol the electric field in lens 100 to dynamically change the focalpoint and focal length of lens 100. This way, lens 100 can be digitallycontrolled to bend or refract light dynamically. In some embodiments,multiple of lenses 100 may be combined to form a lens array. Each lensin the lens array may be individually controlled, such that the lensarray can have multiple focal points and bend (or focus) different partsof a light beam differently.

The above-disclosed liquid crystal lens has tunable optic power that canbe precisely controlled through the electric field applied to the lens.Moreover, comparing to the conventional mechano-optical lens, thedisclosed liquid crystal lens has small size and weight, low cost andpower consumption. It can be used in many applications such as imagingsystems of compact cameras (such as compact cameras in mobile phones),eye correction. 3D display systems, head-mounted displays, holograph,etc.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating a process for generating adynamic hologram using lens 100, according to an exemplary embodiment.Holograms are created by capturing the interference pattern formed whena point source of coherent light (i.e., the reference beam) of fixedwavelength encounters light of the same fixed wavelength arriving froman object (i.e., the object beam) Referring to FIG. 6 , by controllingthe electric field in lens 100, the liquid crystal molecules may beoriented to form a refractive index profile corresponding to theinterference pattern of a hologram. When a reconstruction light beam isprojected to lens 100, the interference pattern formed in lens 100 maycause the reconstruction light beam to be diffracted to form a virtualimage of the object. Consistent with the disclosed embodiments, theelectric field in lens 100 may be controlled to change the interferencepattern over time, so as to generate a dynamic or moving hologram. Forexample, controller 200 (not shown in FIG. 6 ) may compute or pre-storeinterference patterns corresponding to different objects or differentstates of the same object. Controller 200 may control the voltageapplied on electrode layers 120, 122 to generate an interference patternin lens 100, to recreate a three-dimensional image of an objectController 200 may further change the interference pattern over time togenerate a moving image of the object.

While illustrative embodiments have been described herein, the scopeincludes any and all embodiments having equivalent elements,modifications, omissions, combinations (e.g., of aspects across variousembodiments), adaptations or alterations based on the presentdisclosure. The elements in the claims are to be interpreted broadlybased on the language employed in the claims and not limited to examplesdescribed in the present specification or during the prosecution of theapplication, which examples are to be construed as non-exclusive. It isintended, therefore, that the specification and examples be consideredas exemplary only, with the true scope and spirit being indicated by thefollowing claims and their full scope of equivalents.

What is claimed is:
 1. A lens system, comprising: a controller; and anelectro-optic lens electrically connected to the controller, theelectro-optic lens comprising: a liquid crystal layer located between afirst liquid crystal alignment layer and a second liquid crystalalignment layer, wherein the first liquid crystal alignment layer andthe second liquid crystal alignment layer are configured to induce aparticular directional orientation in the liquid crystal layer when novoltage is applied to the lens; and wherein the controller is configuredto generate a refractive index pattern of the liquid crystal layer bycontrolling voltage applied across a first electrode layer and a secondelectrode layer, and wherein the refractive index pattern has arefractive index profile corresponding to a desired focal length of theelectro-optic lens, wherein the refractive index profile consists ofalternating opaque and transparent zones, and wherein adjustments of thevoltage applied across the first electrode layer and the secondelectrode layer causes adjustments to sizes of the opaque andtransparent zones.
 2. The lens system of claim 1, wherein the controlleris further configured to vary magnitude of the voltage applied acrossthe first electrode layer and the second electrode layer over time. 3.The lens system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configuredto individually control the voltage applied on each of a plurality ofelectrodes in the first electrode layer.
 4. The lens system of claim 3,wherein the controller is further configured to control at least one ofmagnitude or timing of the voltage applied on each of the plurality ofelectrodes.
 5. The lens system of claim 1, wherein the refractive indexpattern of the liquid crystal layer corresponds to an interferencepattern of a hologram, and the controller is further configured tochange the refractive index pattern over time to generate a movinghologram.
 6. The lens system of claim 1, further comprising: a pluralityof electro-optic lenses formed into a lens array; wherein the controlleris further configured to individually control voltage applied on each ofthe plurality of electro-optic lenses.
 7. The lens system of claim 1,wherein the first electrode layer comprises a first plurality of ringelectrodes.
 8. The lens system of claim 7, wherein the electro-opticlens is adjustable from a first optical power to a second optical powerwhen a first voltage is applied to the first plurality of ringelectrodes.
 9. The electro-optic lens of claim 7, wherein the secondelectrode layer comprises a second plurality of ring electrodes.
 10. Thelens system of claim 1, wherein the adjustments of the voltage compriseadjustments to timing and magnitude of the voltage.
 11. A method forusing an electro-optic lens electrically connected to a controller toadjust focal lengths, the method comprising: inducing a particulardirectional orientation in a liquid crystal layer when a first level ofvoltage is applied to the lens, wherein the liquid crystal layer islocated between a first liquid crystal alignment layer and a secondliquid crystal alignment layer, wherein the first liquid crystalalignment layer and the second crystal alignment layer; applying, usinga controller, a second level of voltage; and generating a refractiveindex pattern of the liquid crystal layer when the second level ofvoltage is applied across a first electrode layer and a second electrodelayer, and wherein the refractive index pattern has a refractive indexprofile corresponding to a desired focal length of the electro-opticlens, wherein the refractive index profile consists of alternatingopaque and transparent zones, and wherein adjustments of the voltageapplied across the first electrode layer and the second electrode layercauses adjustments to sizes of the opaque and transparent zones.
 12. Themethod of claim 11, further comprising varying a magnitude of a voltageapplied across the first electrode layer and the second electrode layerover time.
 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising individuallycontrolling a voltage applied on each of a plurality of electrodes inthe first electrode layer.
 14. The method of claim 13, furthercomprising controlling at least one of magnitude or timing of a voltageapplied on each of the plurality of electrodes.
 15. The method of claim11, wherein the refractive index pattern of the liquid crystal layercorresponds to an interference pattern of a hologram, and the controlleris further configured to change the refractive index pattern over timeto generate a moving hologram.
 16. The method of claim 11, furthercomprising individually controlling voltage applied on each of aplurality of electro-optic lenses.
 17. The method of claim 11, whereinthe first electrode layer comprises a first plurality of ringelectrodes.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the electro-optic lensis adjustable from a first optical power to a second optical power whenvoltage is applied to the first plurality of ring electrodes.
 19. Themethod of claim 17, wherein the second electrode layer comprises asecond plurality of ring electrodes.
 20. The method of claim 11, whereinapplying the second level of voltage comprises adjusting a timing andmagnitude of voltage.